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In linguistics, morphological derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. ''happiness'' and ''unhappy'' from the root word ''happy'', or ''determination'' from ''determine''. It often involves the addition of a morpheme in the form of an affix, such as ''-ness'', ''un-'', and ''-ation'' in the preceding examples. Derivation stands in contrast to the process of inflection, which means the formation of grammatical variants of the same word, as with ''determine/determines/determining/determined''.〔Crystal, David (1999): The Penguin Dictionary of Language. - Penguin Books - England.〕 ==Derivational patterns== Derivational morphology often involves the addition of a derivational suffix or other affix. Such an affix usually applies to words of one lexical category (part of speech) and changes them into words of another such category. For example, the English derivational suffix ''-ly'' changes adjectives into adverbs (''slow'' → ''slowly''). Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes: * adjective-to-noun: ''-ness'' (''slow'' → ''slowness'') * adjective-to-verb: ''-ise'' (''modern'' → ''modernise'') in British English or ''-ize'' (''final'' → ''finalize'') in American English and Oxford spelling * adjective-to-adjective: ''-ish'' (''red'' → ''reddish'') * adjective-to-adverb: ''-ly'' (''personal'' → ''personally'') * noun-to-adjective: ''-al'' (''recreation'' → ''recreational'') * noun-to-verb: ''-fy'' (''glory'' → ''glorify'') * verb-to-adjective: ''-able'' (''drink'' → ''drinkable'') * verb-to-noun (abstract): ''-ance'' (''deliver'' → ''deliverance'') * verb-to-noun (agent): ''-er'' (''write'' → ''writer'') However, derivational affixes do not necessarily alter the lexical category; they may merely change the meaning of the base, while leaving the category unchanged. A prefix (''write'' → '' re-write''; ''lord'' → ''over-lord'') will rarely change lexical category in English. The prefix ''un-'' applies to adjectives (''healthy'' → ''unhealthy'') and some verbs (''do'' → ''undo''), but rarely to nouns. A few exceptions are the derivational prefixes en- and be-. En- (em- before labials) is usually used as a transitive marker on verbs, but can also be applied to adjectives and nouns to form transitive verbs: ''circle'' (verb) → ''encircle'' (verb); but ''rich'' (adj) → ''enrich'' (verb), ''large'' (adj) → ''enlarge'' (verb), ''rapture'' (noun) → ''enrapture'' (verb), ''slave'' (noun) → ''enslave'' (verb). Derivation can also occur without any change of form, for example ''telephone'' (noun) and ''to telephone''. This is known as conversion, or zero derivation. Derivation that results in a noun may be called nominalization. This may involve the use of an affix (as with ''happy → happiness'', ''employ → employee''), or may occur via conversion (as with the derivation of the noun ''run'' from the verb ''to run''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Morphological derivation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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